Caring for children’s skin requires gentle ingredients, proper sun care, and treatment for the occasional rash or bruise. And during pregnancy, a woman’s skin needs some adjustments and TLC as well. Read on for questions and answers about safe ingredients to use during pregnancy, how to treat children’s sensitive skin, and essential tips on sun protection.

PREGNANCY, BABIES & KIDS

Kids have unique skincare needs. Whether a child has delicate skin susceptible to rashes and infections, or suffers from the inevitable cut or bruise, it’s important to give young skin special care. Expectant moms also require changes in their skincare routine, whether it’s treating itchy skin or learning which beauty ingredients are safe during pregnancy. Use these FAQs to learn more about proper skincare for pregnancy, baby and child.

Skincare during pregnancy & breastfeeding

What ingredients in my makeup should I try to avoid during pregnancy?

A: Skip salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide and retinoids. The first two can appear in over-the-counter concealers and foundations. If you’re prone to breakouts, switch to oil-free formulas, because oil can clog pores and contribute to acne.

 Since I’ve been pregnant, my skin is always itchy. What can I do?

A: Itchy, red skin is normal for many pregnant women. The skin stretches to its limit, causing it to become dry, flaky and itchy. Using calamine lotion or moisturizer will help alleviate the itch. If that doesn’t work, your dermatologist could prescribe a steroid cream. If your itchy skin is accompanied by fluid-filled blisters, according to WebMD, see your doctor immediately, as this can be an autoimmune reaction (pemphigoid gestationis or herpes gestationis), which could compromise the health of your baby.

 Which acne products are OK to use while breastfeeding?

A: Several prescription medications, such as erythromycin and Zithromax, are safe to use while you’re breastfeeding. However, avoid tetracycline. If you’ve stopped nursing, you can use birth control pills like Ortho Tri-Cyclen. To be on the safe side, though, always consult your physician before using any treatment.

Is it OK to use self-tanners during pregnancy? What about hair dyes?

A: According to dermatologist Sandra Johnson, M.D., on BabyCenter, self-tanners are safe to use during pregnancy because they remain on the skin’s surface. Concerning hair dyes, studies show that they’re also safe. But if you’re concerned, you can color your hair when the baby is less vulnerable, which is during the second trimester, says certified nurse-midwife Ann Linden on BabyCenter.

Can pregnant women use sunscreen? Are pregnant women at greater risk for skin cancer and sun damage?

A: Yes, they can and definitely should apply sunscreen daily. Just check with your doctor to be sure the specific sunscreen you’re using is safe. Pregnant women are especially sun sensitive. In fact, if a pregnant woman develops melanoma, then “she’s at very high risk of it recurring during another pregnancy,” writes Nancy Rones in Redbook. To boost your protection, in addition to sunscreen, wear a wide-brimmed hat, sit in the shade and avoid peak sun hours (from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.).

Children’s skincare & sun protection

Do children need sunglasses?

A: Absolutely! In fact, children’s eyes are at greater risk for sun damage. According to ABC News, “children’s eyes are most susceptible to UV damage because their eyes’ lens has not yet begun to cloud.” Plus, kids tend to be outside more often and for longer periods than adults. Look for wrap-around, scratch-free sunglasses. Be sure to take your child’s glasses to the eye doctor to get them checked, so you’re certain that they contain the proper sun protection — oftentimes sunglasses don’t provide the protection advertised.

Is aloe vera safe to use on my toddler?

A: Yes, it’s safe to apply aloe vera to your toddler’s skin. In fact, it’s particularly helpful if he or she has developed a sunburn, bug bite or rash.

How should I dress my infant during the hot summer months to prevent heat rash and sunburn?

A: Since sunscreen isn’t advised for children under 6 months of age, it’s important to keep your little one out of direct sunlight. Dress babies in 100 percent cotton, in tightly woven clothing that covers their arms and legs. Don’t forget a wide-brimmed hat to cover their face and ears, and sunglasses to shield their eyes.

What are the signs that my child’s heat rash has become infected?

A: Infection is common in younger children who are more inclined to scratch their skin. Look for red streaks, increased swelling and pus-filled bumps. Also, check for any swollen lymph nodes in other areas of the body. If you notice these signs, contact your doctor.

Are there factors that increase a child’s sensitivity to the sun?A: Yes, children — and adults — with lighter skin and hair have a higher risk of sunburn. Plus, some prescription medications might increase sun sensitivity. If your child takes medication, check with a pediatrician or pharmacist about sun sensitivity.

What types of skincare products are best for my young children?

A: Look for product lines designed specifically for children, and avoid soaps that are overly harsh and drying. For infants, check with a pediatrician, and watch carefully for signs of allergic reactions when trying a new product on your baby’s skin.

Searching for the right skincare treatment for yourself or your child? These FAQs provide answers to questions about sun protection, acne products, rash solutions and more tips specifically geared to pregnancy and children. This way, you can keep your little one’s skin healthy, while also protecting your own!

Whether you’re looking for ways to treat existing signs of aging or want to take preventative measures against future wrinkles and sun damage, these FAQs are a great place to start. In Part 3 of our FAQ Handbook, learn about the different types of aging, treatments for the face and body, and the best ingredients to battle everything from crow’s feet to sagging skin.

ANTI-AGING

“Nature gives you the face you have at twenty; it is up to you to merit the face you have at fifty.” – Coco Chanel

Even under the best of circumstances, the aging process can produce unwanted changes in our skin. And with a plethora of anti-aging products to choose from, it helps to have some knowledge about how aging works and what you can do about it. Find out more about reversing visible signs of aging and preventing future damage, as well as tips on effective ingredients and treatments for the face and body.

Skin type, signs & types of aging

 I’m a man in my 40s and already noticing age spots on my hands and arms. Is there a way to get rid of them and prevent new ones?

A: You can lighten your age spots using products with hydroquinone, a skin-lighting staple. If this doesn’t work, professional treatments such as laser therapy, freezing, dermabrasion and chemical peels can remove age spots. Here’s more from renowned dermatologist Nelson Lee Novick, M.D., on removal options. As for prevention, avoid sun exposure and use sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher on a daily basis. Age spots are usually harmless, but if spots are dark or have altered in appearance, see a doctor to screen for skin cancer.

How can I treat age spots at home?

A: You can minimize age spots with over-the-counter skin-lightening formulas that contain hydroquinone or natural alternatives such as kojic acid or licorice extract. Here’s an array of OTC options: PCA Skin pHaze 13 Pigment Gel, Dr. Michelle Copeland Pigment Formula, DDF Fade Gel 4,Dermelect Beautone Enlightening Facial Brightener Serum. For more information, see our articles on preventing and treating age spots and using hydroquinone. If these products don’t seem to be working, see a dermatologist for prescription-strength treatments.

What is extrinsic aging?

A: Extrinsic aging occurs when outside factors, such as UV rays, smoke and pollution, harm the skin and age it prematurely.

What is intrinsic aging?

A: Intrinsic aging is the natural process of getting older.

How can I prevent both types of aging?A: While you can’t prevent intrinsic aging, there are some things you can do to have healthier skin and prevent premature aging. These include: wearing sunscreen daily along with protective clothing, not smoking or drinking excessively and avoiding excess sun exposure.

What can I do to prevent crow’s feet?

A: Various factors contribute to crow’s feet, including sun damage — undoubtedly the biggest factor — as well as squinting and smoking. So it’s important to slather your face in sunscreen every day, even if you’re just out for 30 minutes running errands. Also, avoid squinting; after years of constantly contracting our muscles around the eyes, permanent wrinkles form, writes dermatologist Jeffrey Benabio, M.D., on his blog, The Dermatology Blog. Sunglasses are a huge help with this. Think of how many times you squint in a day, especially when you’re out in the sun. Smoking is terrible for your skin overall — along with your health. It contributes to crow’s feet because it damages collagen and elastin and robs the skin of blood flow and oxygen, according to Dr. Benabio. Plus, he says that when you’re smoking, you squint more often to keep the smoke out of your eyes.

How can I reduce crow’s feet?

A: According to body + soul, when shopping for products that address crow’s feet, look for the following ingredients: evening primrose, jojoba and sesame oils, which hydrate the skin and uphold flexibility; aloe to boost healing; and antioxidants (such as vitamins A, C and E) to battle sun damage and free radicals.

I’m in my late 40s and have significantly damaged skin. I have never tried anti-aging products — is it too late to start?

A: It’s never too late. As you look for anti-aging products, include ingredients that reduce the signs of aging such as retinol, peptides and alpha hydroxy acids. You might want to incorporate a retinoid (only available via prescription) to your daily regimen. Talk to a dermatologist to determine if a retinoid might be right for you.

Body & lifestyle

“Anyone who keeps the ability to see beauty never grows old.” – Franz Kafka

As far as anti-aging goes, what can I do for my body?

A: To combat the most common concerns, including loss of moisture and dull skin, use an effective exfoliating product once a week or more often if needed. On a daily basis, use a rich moisturizing lotion or body butter, especially during the cold, dry winter months. And always apply sunscreen.

Is it really important to take care of my hands?

A: The skin on the back of your hands is very sensitive and thin. Exposure to the sun and other elements ages hands well before their time. Taking care of your hands now helps them get healthier and look younger.

Is it true that the way I sleep can make me look older, beyond how much sleep I get?

A: Your sleep position can influence your appearance, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. If your head hits the pillow the same way, night after night, your skin gets into the habit of laying a certain way. Men who sleep with their faces smooshed into the pillow see the results in their foreheads, while women usually see their sleep patterns etched on their cheeks and chin.

If my skin exfoliates itself naturally, why do I need to use scrubs or exfoliators?

A: Oftentimes your skin doesn’t exfoliate dead skin cells fast enough, and these cells can clog pores and leave skin looking dull. Especially as we get older, the rate at which skin exfoliates itself slows down. Using scrubs and other exfoliating products accelerates the exfoliating process, revealing newer, healthier skin. Exfoliants help skin perform this function, sloughing off dead skin cells and refining the skin.

Do moisturizers prevent wrinkles?

A: Using a moisturizer will minimize the appearance of wrinkles but doesn’t prevent them from forming (unless the moisturizer contains specific anti-aging ingredients like vitamin C or retinol). But you can slow the aging process by avoiding sunlight, cigarette smoke and other factors that contribute to aging.

Does everyone need to use an eye cream?

A: According to About beauty expert Julyne Derrick, “Eyes are one of the first places to show aging.” If you choose to invest in an eye cream, make sure that it contains sunscreen to prevent premature aging and skin damage. When to use an eye cream is up to the individual. You can also consult with your dermatologist.

What are free radicals?

A: Free radicals are reactive molecules that cause significant skin damage and contribute to the aging process. Antioxidants help to neutralize free radicals. Learn about the various antioxidants that can help .

Anti-aging ingredients, products & treatments

I’ve noticed that most products designed to correct premature aging are really irritating for my sensitive skin. What can I do?

A: Try using the products only once a day or even every other day when starting out. Many times your skin just needs to get used to a new product. If you still notice sensitivity, look for products with lower concentrations of the active ingredients.

I react to just about everything I use on my face! Does that mean I can’t use anti-aging products? Will they be way too harsh?

A: Nowadays, there’s an anti-aging product out there to suit just about anybody, even those with the most sensitive skin. Cellex-C Sensitive Serum Starter Kit contains an anti-aging serum made specifically for easily irritated skin, along with an oil-free B-Complex gel that’ll give your skin the nutrients it needs to look and feel healthy and smooth. Start slowly, and use the product only once a day or every other day if you notice uncomfortable dryness. Talk to a dermatologist about any specific concerns you may have.

What ingredients should I look for in a night cream? I’m interested in a formula that’ll help with the fine lines and wrinkles.

A: To start, try a moisturizer with retinol. A form of vitamin A, retinol helps to stimulate collagen production and smooth fine lines and wrinkles.

What are wrinkle relaxers and how do they work?

A: GABA or gamma-aminobutyric acid is an example of a wrinkle relaxer that works on facial muscles. It’s the movements of these facial muscles that cause wrinkles. However, the effect is only temporary, and lasts about 12 hours. For the best results, dermatologist Elizabeth Briden, M.D., advises applying a GABA cream after exfoliating your skin.

What makes StriVectin SD better than Botox?

A: StriVectin SD is less expensive than Botox, less invasive and can be used in the privacy of your home. The results also last longer than Botox. Plus, this cream offers various anti-aging benefits. It not only reduces stretch marks and wrinkles, but it also hydrates the skin and improves discoloration, texture and tone.

What is glycolic acid and where does it come from?

A: Glycolic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid, which refers to a collection of compounds derived from the sugar of fruit and milk. Glycolic acid is extracted from sugar cane and boasts multiple skin care benefits, including the ability to exfoliate the skin, reduce the appearance of aging and hyperpigmentation and improve overall texture.

I’m in my mid-20s and want to start incorporating anti-aging ingredients into my skin care routine. Which ingredients are appropriate for my skin?

A: Sunscreen is your first defense against aging and skin damage. After that, stock up on antioxidants. These powerful, age-fighting compounds support your skin cells with the armor they need to fight off free radical damage, which leads to premature aging.

What is an antioxidant?

A. Antioxidants prevent or slow down cellular damage caused by free radicals — a natural by-product of cellular metabolism. Free radical damage can lead to everything from premature aging to cancer. Antioxidants can help to prevent wrinkles and fine lines; however, they can’t reverse wrinkles that are already present.

How long does it take to see results with anti-aging creams?

A: It can take anywhere from several weeks to six months, so it’s important to be patient. In the first few weeks, it’s common to see smoother skin. A reduction in lines can take up to three months. Dramatic changes such as improvements in discoloration and wrinkling can take up to six months, regardless of the product’s strength, according to dermatologist Heidi A. Waldorf, M.D., in Allure.

Can collagen creams boost the collagen in my skin?

A: This is a common misconception. Collagen molecules are too large to penetrate the skin, so they don’t affect skin’s structure, writes skincare expert G. Todorov, Ph.D., on Smart Skin Care. Collagen may help to moisturize the skin or temporarily mask wrinkles. Similarly, other components of your dermis, including elastin and hyaluronic acid, can’t penetrate the skin either, according to dermatologist Leslie Baumann, M.D.

My skin is really dry, and I have wrinkles. Can certain ingredients in anti-aging treatments make my skin even drier and more irritated?

A: Yes, especially if you’re using an over-the-counter cream with retinol or a retinoid. To keep dryness and irritation at bay, use a retinol treatment every other day instead of daily. For safe and effective ways to use a retinoid, see our article here. You can also “switch to a cream with kinetin or the peptide Matrixyl – they’re less drying than retinoids,” suggests Brooke Le Poer Trench in Allure.

Alpha hydroxy acids tend to dry out my skin. Is there another anti-aging ingredient I can try that won’t be so harsh on my sensitive skin?A: Polyhydroxy acids (PHAs), among the newest alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) to hit the market, are ideal for sensitive or dry skin types. Since they’re made up of larger molecules than traditional AHAs, PHAs are typically gentler on the skin, causing less stinging, peeling and dryness. They also promote a healthy skin barrier and increase hydration. You can find them in skin treatments such as face lotions, creams, serums and eye products.

Retinol & retinoids

I just started using a retinol treatment. How often should I use it?

A: For beginners, it’s best to start using a retinol product before bedtime every two to three days for the first two weeks, according to Prevention. This helps to avoid irritation. Also, start with just a pea-sized amount of the product. Remember that retinol is unlike a gentle moisturizer, so a little goes a long way!

When should I apply a retinol product?

A: The best time to apply any retinol formula is at night. For starters, retinol (and prescription-strength retinoids) leaves your skin extra vulnerable to the sun. As such, be sure to slather on the sunscreen so you’re shielding your skin properly. Another reason for using retinol at night, according to dermatologist Leslie Baumann, M.D., on her blog, The Skin Guru, is that these formulas are deactivated by the sun.

Retinol is acclaimed for its anti-aging power. But is it safe to use around sensitive areas — like the eyes?

A: Yes, but start off slowly — like one application every few days — so that skin can build up a tolerance. Be sure to use a cream that’s formulated for the eyes, like Vichy LiftActiv Retinol HA Eyes, which is also suitable for sensitive skin.

I have an upcoming appointment with my dermatologist to talk about using a retinoid treatment. What are some important questions I should ask?

A: According to iVillage, ask your dermatologist about common side effects you might develop and which ones to report immediately; when you should see improvement; how long you’ll have to use the product; if it’ll interact with other medications; and if you’re hoping to become pregnant at a later time, confirm how long you’ll have to wait.

I’m interested in using a retinol treatment, but I’m not quite sure where to start. What percentage would you recommend?

A: If you’re new to retinol products, it’s a good idea to start with a concentration of 0.5 percent and allow your skin some time to adjust. You may also choose to use your retinol product every other day for the first week or so.

Ready to be proactive with aging skin? Armed with the right products and know-how, you can work with your skin, rather than against it, to keep it healthy and youthful for years to come.

  As someone with oily skin, how can I prevent and treat acne during the summer?
A: New York City dermatologist Howard Sobel, M.D., gives some good advice on the Web site Real Beauty. He suggests washing your face two times a day — at a minimum — with a cleanser that contains 1 to 2 percent salicylic acid, which should control the overabundance of oil that pops up in the summer. You might be struggling with back acne, too, which is common during the summer, Dr. Sobel says. To treat it, just look for an anti-acne scrub specifically made for the body. When picking out your sunscreen, choose an oil-free, quick-absorbing formula that controls oil production and has a matte finish, such as Cosmedicine Medi-Matte Tint Oil Control Lotion SPF 20.

 Is it safe for me to exfoliate if I have dry/sensitive skin and acne?A: Sloughing off dead skin cells is crucial if you have acneic skin, but harsh scrubs can actually increase irritation and cause more acne. Make sure you’re using a gentle facial scrub like a gommage, which is a super-refined exfoliator that gently loosens dead skin cells without causing further dryness and sensitivity.

 Because I have dry skin and suffer from frequent breakouts, is there a particular type of makeup that I should be using?A: Try an oil-free foundation that won’t clog your pores and cause further blemishes. Apply with a good-quality foundation brush to make sure you aren’t spreading oil from your fingertips to your face. If you want more coverage, you can try a powder or mineral makeup foundation —just be sure to apply moisturizer beforehand, as powder makeup can accentuate the appearance of dry skin.

Treating acne

 I take great care of my skin every day, using a cleanser, toner and moisturizer, but I still have occasional breakouts. What am I doing wrong?A: Although taking care of your skin is important for a healthy, clear complexion, it won’t necessarily treat or prevent acne. Add an over-the-counter acne product or see your dermatologist for treatment options. A dermatologist can also determine whether the products you’re using are appropriate for your skin type.

My acne treatment just isn’t working as well as it used to. What can you recommend?

A: Your skin may have become accustomed to the formula. Look for formulas with higher concentrations of active ingredients. If you’re using a treatment with 2.5 percent benzoyl peroxide, go up to 5 percent. You also might consider seeing a dermatologist for a stronger prescription. Retinoidsare highly effective at treating acne and they repair signs of aging and sun damage, too.

What if I get a zit right before prom night? Is there anything I can do to make it go away faster?

A: Try not to stress over it. While you may not be able to banish that zit for good, you can significantly reduce its size and appearance. Apply a clay mask to the spot and leave on overnight (or as long as you can, if it’s the day of the event). Look for masks formulated with ingredients like kaolin clay, bentonite clay, zinc, salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide. The clay will soak up excess oil and reduce the size of the spot. Then, ice the blemish for about 10 minutes to reduce swelling and apply a clear spot treatment with salicylic acid just before applying your makeup. Finish with a dot of concealer.

How long should I continue using acne products once my acne goes away?A: Treatments can take some time to work, and you might need to use them long term to maintain clear skin. In particular, benzoyl peroxide treatments are usually necessary for several years, according to ehealthMD. Often, when you stop using acne products, acne returns after a few weeks. Consult your dermatologist about an ideal time to discontinue use.

 Can I use retinoids in conjunction with other acne treatments?

A: Actually, using multiple treatments will increase the chances of dryness and irritation. And retinoids are already known for irritating the skin. Check with your doctor to make sure other treatments you’re using are compatible.

 Are there any DIY concoctions to help a zit?A: Try an aspirin tablet, which contains salicylic acid and will exfoliate dead skin cells that can clog pores and lead to acne, as well as reduce inflammation. Simply let a few tablets dissolve in water and mash until you create a paste, then apply to the breakout and let sit for three minutes. But don’t try this treatment if you have sensitive skin or are allergic to aspirin.

Acne treatment ingredients

I recently started using an acne-fighting cleanser with salicylic acid. My acne has greatly improved. How do I know when it’s OK to stop the treatment?A. Even if your skin improves, stick with the salicylic acid treatment. Once you stop using the product, it’s likely that acne will return as your pores will again become clogged with blemish-causing impurities including dead skin, bacteria and oil.

How long should I wait before deciding if salicylic acid is working or if I should switch to a different ingredient?A: Healing blemishes takes time, so give your new regimen about a month before deciding whether or not it’s actually working. Additionally, it might be the particular product that isn’t working rather than the active ingredient. Try increasing the concentration of salicylic acid if your blemishes aren’t clearing up (or, for sensitivity, decreasing the concentration), rather than jumping to a new ingredient immediately. Also, you can make an appointment with your dermatologist to discuss the best acne product for you.

Will glycolic acid products help with my acne?A: Absolutely! Not only does glycolic acid help to exfoliate dead skin cells that can clog pores, but it also helps other acne-fighting products sink into the skin.

I just started using an acne product with glycolic acid. The first few uses resulted in irritation. Is this normal or should I stop using this product?A. Expect to feel a slight tingling sensation after you first apply the treatment. After a few days, you may notice that your skin is slightly irritated or flaky. This irritation should subside within a few weeks as your skin acclimates to the product. However, stop using the product immediately if you experience stinging, redness or bleeding. Also, make sure to start with the most gentle formula available and allow your skin to adjust; a product like MD Formulations Continuous Renewal Complex Sensitive Skin Formula is a good place to start.

My dermatologist recommended products formulated with benzoyl peroxide to help clear up my acne. How does this ingredient work?A: When it penetrates pores, benzoyl peroxide stops acne in two ways. First, it delivers oxygen to kill acne-causing bacteria. Second, benzoyl peroxide clears the follicle of dead skin cells, unblocking pores to prevent the formation of new blemishes.

Blackheads & body acne

What are blackheads and how do I get rid of them?A: Blackheads are a build-up of dead skin cells and sebum that clog pore openings. To get rid of these clogs and keep pores clear, use a gentle exfoliating product. In addition, you might want to try salicylic acid or retinoids. Remember that retinoids are only available by prescription, so you’ll need to consult a dermatologist first. Also, a trained esthetician can extract blackheads using a special tool, but don’t attempt this at home: It could leave scars.

Is there anything I can do to prevent blackheads from forming?A: Dermatologist David Herschthal, M.D., tells Marie Claire that using “noncomedogenic, oil-free, water-based skincare products” can go a long way in preventing build-up. But if these products alone don’t do the trick, he suggests talking to your dermatologist about the retinoid Retin-A. This topical exfoliant increases cell turnover and slows oil production, so dead cells and excess oil don’t get the chance to clog pores.

How can I prevent backne (acne on the back)?A: About’s skincare expert Julyne Derrick recommends exfoliating your entire body with a sugar scrub every week. This helps to remove any dead skin cells that build up on your back, she explains.

What causes back acne?A: We’re actually not sure what’s responsible for breakouts on the back. Sources have implicated everything from stress and sweat to diet and tight-fitting clothing.

I often get acne on my back and chest after working out. Is it because I’m not washing enough?A: The connection between exercise and acne is still a matter of debate. A Stanford University study of individuals with acne found that showering didn’t have any impact on back or chest acne. Alexa Boer Kimball, M.D., M.P.H., a board-certified specialist in dermatology, concluded that “regular exercise can be encouraged for patients with acne. But they should avoid tight-fitting clothing and equipment. If tight-fitting equipment is required, it should be cleaned on a regular basis.” You can take further preventative measures by not wearing makeup during exercise, and opting for an oil-free sunscreen likeJack Black Sun Guard Oil-Free Very Water/Sweat Resistant Sunscreen SPF 30+. You can also try a body wash specially designed for acne-prone skin, such as Peter Thomas Roth Blemish Buffing Beads Body Wash.

Acne marks/scars

 Can I wear makeup if I have cystic acne? I really want to cover up the red marks.

A: If you wear foundation, choose noncomedogenic, lightweight formulas to prevent clogged pores and breakouts. Check out Dermablend Foundations. Only apply the minimum amount needed to cover blemishes. Be sure to remove foundation every night with an appropriate cleanser. You may want to consult your dermatologist for options.

I have darkish marks left over from acne. Can I use skin lighteners to fade them?A: Many people have successfully used topical skin lighteners to treat acne marks. However, most acne marks will likely fade on their own, although it can take up to 18 months in some cases. Acne marks are known as post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), and are a natural part of the blemish-healing process. Skin becomes inflamed and produces “too much melanin,” causing discoloration, notes Angela Palmer for the Web site About. You can also speed up the healing process by using products that boost cell turnover, like retinoids and alpha hydroxy acids.

What is the difference between a cystic acne scar and a regular scar?A: While regular acne can scar if it’s deep enough or if you pick at it too much, cystic acne is much more likely to cause raised or indented scars that won’t go away on their own. These can look like: icepick scars, which are narrow and deep; rolling scars, which look like waves; boxcar scars, which resemble chicken pox scars; or keloid scars, which are raised because of an overgrowth of tissue.

Adult/hormonal acne & birth control

As an adult, I’m frustrated that I still suffer from acne. How can I treat my blemishes, even though I have fairly dry skin?

A: Adult acne is actually more common than you think. In fact, it affects about 50 percent of women at some point during their adulthood. To treat it, look for gentler ingredients in lower concentrations. For instance, try a spot treatment with salicylic acid — a gentler acne-fighting ingredient than benzoyl peroxide — in a 2 percent formula. Because lines and wrinkles are another common adult concern, talk to your dermatologist about using a retinoid. Retinoids are tremendously effective multi-action formulas: They reduce wrinkles and acne, build collagen, improve skin tone and diminish sun damage. For more tips on treating adult acne, see here and here.

I’m a woman in my later 20s and suffer from acne. How different is my acne from teen acne?A: You may notice a few differences. For instance, typically you’ll find your worst acne spots are located along the chin, jaw and neck, whereas in teens, it’s more common to have acne primarily around the forehead and nose. Another difference is that as an adult, your acne may be less severe, but it is often chronic. Similar to the teenage years, however, women often notice that their acne becomes worse before their period because hormones are responsible for flare-ups.

As soon as I started noticing signs of menopause, my acne came back full-force. What can I do?A: Most women just need to adjust their daily regimen slightly. Adopt a consistent routine of cleansing with a gentle yet thorough facial wash. Then, use an oil-free moisturizer that won’t clog pores any further. Try a spot treatment with an active ingredient like salicylic acid or glycolic acid, or a low-strength benzoyl peroxide treatment. You may also consider talking to your doctor about retinoids, which are tremendously effective at treating acne and reducing signs of aging. For more on acne and menopause, see here.

I know that hormones are involved in causing adult acne. But what are some of the things I can avoid that exacerbate my acne?A: Triggers that aggravate your skin include stress and oily cosmetics. Consequently, participating in stress-reducing activities — anything that relaxes you — might help. Also, choosing noncomedogenic beauty products is crucial. Some proponents are adamant about altering your diet for reducing acne and improving skin overall. However, the premise that diet is associated with acne is a controversial one, as many experts believe it has nothing to do with acne.

Since discontinuing the pill, I always get acne around my chin during my period. What should I do?A: It’s common for women to break out during menstruation; your chin is prone to pimples and redness during this time. However, it’s not something you have to live with all week. Apply an acne spot treatment a few days before and during your period to keep pores clear. Active ingredients — such as salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide — should help.

Battling acne can be frustrating, but fortunately, there are solutions. Whether you’re struggling with hormonal breakouts, back acne or the occasional blemish, doing your homework can help you find the right treatment and send you well on your way to clear, glowing skin.